Turks in Spain By Paul Martin Ahasuerus
Unlike what happened in Germany, the Turkish presence in Spain is almost negligible, and more recently, one could argue that comes from the last ten years. However, it is worth taking them into account as it is a majority- Muslim declaring welcome in our country, with several cases of athletes, intellectuals and businessmen who have triumphed in Spain. We must take into account the context of Mediterranean trade, the Alliance of Civilizations in Turkey, a country seeking its place in the European Union, similar to the English past, marked by an imperial splendor in the sixteenth century, the collapse in the nineteenth and isolation in much of the twentieth.
After centuries of confrontation in the Mediterranean, Carlos III and the Sultan Abdul Hamid I signed a historic peace agreement, cooperation and trade in 1782, inaugurating a new era of collaboration between the two extremes the Mare Nostrum
[1] . While the most critical situation had occurred in the sixteenth century, the policies of Charles V and his son Philip II, from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 are clear positions: the Ottomans in the Balkans, Asia Minor, east and the south shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Barbary regencies of Tunis and Algeria. The English, for his part in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, southern Italy and Sicily.
Although during the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries certain religious orders like the Merced getting the referral of English captives in exchange for money, with Miguel de Cervantes, one of the best known
[2] not something similar happens in the Ottoman Empire, partly because the captives from the war ships were mostly Christians converted to Islam, which obviously had no intention of returning to an empire where the court of Inquisition persecuted to such converts, so the presence of Turks and renegades in Spain is practically nonexistent until the late eighteenth century. During the centuries of rivalry that had the English image of the Turks came from the experience in the maritime confrontation as the battles of Lepanto (1571) or the taking of Tunis (1532), tales of captivity, from attacks by pirates such as the dreaded Barbarossa settled in Algiers, or recreated in the literature of the golden age as the Great Sultan or Algiers baths Miguel de Cervantes or
The famous Ottoman , Lope de Vega to name a few.
[3] would later fashion the Turkish music, the result of Turkish diplomatic missions in Europe, accompanied by bands of the body of the Janissaries, the source of inspiration for artists such as Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio
, Beethoven Ruins of Athens
or known to all Turkish
March of Haydin wing.
The first time a Turkish delegation arrived in Spain on a peace mission is led by Efendi Vasif five years after peace. Ottoman representation embarked in Istanbul in July 1787, coming a month later at the port of Valencia, where they went to The Farm to meet with Carlos III. As often happened in those meetings, they proceeded to exchange gifts. To cause greater impression the delegation was preceded by an entourage of fifteen horses, causing a great expectation in the public gathered and the English royal family. The stay lasted four months, visiting the military school of Segovia, Madrid and El Escorial, which hosted a second meeting with Carlos III, before returning to Turkey from the port of Cartagena.
[4] The stay of the Ottoman legation in Madrid should impress the inhabitants of this city that gave the street where he lived the name of Turk Street, today Marqués de Cubas, the place where he was killed the famous General Juan Prim y Prats
In these circumstances, in the late eighteenth century, several expeditions were sent to Istanbul, where he installed a legation to the Juan de Alicante Bouligni to the head.
[5] In parallel both Spain and Turkey are close to the nineteenth century liberal powers, France and Britain, so it's no wonder that in 1833 Sultan Mahmud II recognized the Queen Niña, and subsequently Elizabeth II will send the Prim general as an observer on the side pro-Ottoman War Crime (1853-1855)
[6] . Thus, the peace of Paris in 1855 represent an endorsement of the Ottoman policy, thus slowing the Russian expansion in the Mediterranean way, integrating Turkey into the European powers free them. In this context the decision was made to strengthen the diplomatic presence, opening an Imperial Ottoman legation in Madrid in 1857, which closed in 1860 for economic reasons to re-open in 1881, coming to have the Ottoman Empire twenty-five Honorary Consulates in Spain .
Keep in mind that over the Eastern Question (1774-1923) Spain was not Ottoman military holds no territory and that after the entry of the United States of America in the First World War represents the interests of the belligerent nations in Turkey and abroad
Turkey [7] , in fact the application of the ceasefire took place in San Sebastian in the fall of 1917
[8] . Following the proclamation of the Republic in Turkey and the transfer of the capital Ankara, signed a new treaty of friendship between both countries on September 27, 1924, which would follow from January 1, 1951 by which the Legations Ankara and Madrid became ambassadors.
[9] Today the Turkish Embassy in Spain is Rafael Calvo Street No. 18, Madrid, has an interesting website
[10] three Honorary Consulates in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bValencia and La Coruna and the Turkish Tourist Office in the Plaza of Spain n º 18 in Madrid.
Like many other European nations established English diplomats in the Ottoman Empire were ordered to protect the Sephardim since late 1880. The campaign of historical review of medical and Senator Angel Pulido, author of English and Sephardic country and race (1905) will result in the Royal Decree of Primo de Rivera in December 1924 which allowed them to acquire English nationality. Is from the time when some of those who leave Istanbul bound for Europe or the Americas are installed in Catalonia, covering in some cases the textile sector, a sector known since before the Expulsion, which had achieved excellent results in Ottoman Empire, as factories in Thessaloniki, where he produced the sails for the ships and uniforms of the armies
[11] .
The first arrival of Turks in Spain takes place at this time, the majority of them Sephardic Jews. Some families moved to flourish as reaching for the Bassat. A good example is Lluis Bassat Coen (Barcelona 1941) an important publisher and candidate for the presidency of FC Barcelona in 2000 and 2003 elections. Another is led by the brothers and Isak Nahman Andic, born in Istanbul who emigrated to Spain in 1968. The brothers were selling shirts that mattered Andic Turkey in The Market: Balmes. The business quickly prospered and this prompted them to create their own fashion label, Mango, in the eighties. Today it employs more than 6,000 employees with over a thousand stores around the world. Isak Antic has won the Marketing Professional of the Year, 2007
[12] .
Today it is difficult to know with certainty the number of Turks in Spain, since many of them being from different countries of the European Union, national set as Germany and Holland. The Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Spain estimated a population of about 5,000, with 3,300 enrolled in this Embassy
[13] . As I stated before this population has increased dramatically over the past ten years, average economic situation has improved and the migration flow.
To these must be added to the tourists, more than one hundred thousand in 2006
[14] and two hundred students who benefit from programs such as Erasmus exchange from April 1, 2004. We must take into account the increase in agreements between universities like the University of Alicante with the Koç Üniveritesi or Valencia with the Mimar Sinan. On the other hand and in the 1980 Turkish study in Spain in the framework of exchange scholarships Spain-Turkey, which have joined calls MAE scholarships.
[15] While at first the students were from English philology or history of art in their field of Islamic art, now the range is much wider, both human and technical studies. Note the figure of the painter Özgür Yener (Istanbul 1974) that a master's degree at the Faculty of Fine Arts, Complutense of Madrid Univerisidad between 2002 and 2004 and is currently doing her doctoral studies. Is still quite unusual to find Turkish students in doctoral programs at English universities, one of the first was Özlem Kumrular in June 2004 defended his doctoral thesis entitled The duel between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent in the Faculty of Geography and History of the University of Salamanca
[16] . The experiences of Dr Kumrular during his stay in Spain saw the light in the novel
Hello, is the author of relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Catholic monarchy entity the years 1520-1535 and the role of satellite states (Istanbul, Isis, 2003) and has been awarded International Award for Best Novel of 2005 Diversity in the work
From Istanbul to Rhodes, wine-flavored stories (Barcelona, \u200b\u200bEdiciones El Cobre 2005) Festival La Mar de Letras in Murcia.
To obtain a work permit in Spain, the Turks have to be hired by a English company and provide a medical certificate, another criminal, another of the Chamber of Commerce in the region in which they arise and one has signs made relevant tax returns. The work permit lasts for one year.
Another aspect to consider is that of mixed marriages and many of them take up residence in Spain. In early de los años 90 había un centenar de dichos matrimonios en Turquía compuestos de españolas casadas con turcos. Tan solo tres varones habían contraído matrimonio con turcas, siendo una de ellas cristiana armenia y otra de estado civil divorciada y perteneciente a una acaudalada familia. El origen de los matrimonios mixtos en general solía ser a partir de turistas que se casaban con guías de turismo o empleados del Gran Bazar de Estambul, o, de encuentros entre españoles y turcas en academias de idiomas de inglés o universidades de Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos o de aquellos países europeos con colonia turca como Alemania. Muchas de estas parejas fijaban su residencia en Turquía por motivos laborales relacionadas con el acceso the husband's labor market, those with higher education may find better jobs in Turkey than in Spain, despite the agreements that recognize many of their degrees. Unfortunately many of these marriages break to settle in Spain to be very difficult to be unemployed or the fact you take a job below their professional level. As in many other countries in the Mediterranean are very few husbands agree that their wives have a higher socioeconomic status to yours, so this fact, coupled with inactivity and suspicions with the family of his wife often become sources of conflict arising in divorce.
In the case of English living in Turkey, the main conflict of the mother usually have, which often tries to impose a series of Turkish traditional values \u200b\u200bat home, as the type of food, how to fix the house or education of children. Another one is from Eastern hospitality, which relatives and friends of the husband can come home and settle in for long periods of time that logically affect the daily life of marriage and cohabitation.
Religious differences are not usually a problem for several reasons, the first is that Turkey is a secular republic since 1924 and that such marriages are usually done between people of middle classes and, in the case of the Turks, who have been foreign contact of the Christian religion as the Turks in Germany or from the Balkans. It is quite common for weddings are performed in churches chosen by brides, the Catholic Church allow such links. In general, the husbands do not try to impose their religion on their wives and children. These, living in an overwhelmingly Muslim country, they end up choosing Islam or, if resident in Spain for Christianity. Thus, in this type of family celebrates Christmas and the end of Ramadan or the Feast of the Lambs, thus getting twice as gifts. Parents often make the decision to circumcise their children soon after birth, rather than at age seven and ten years, thereby avoiding the party involved in this religious practice similar to our First Communion. This way your children will not feel different from other Muslims and also health issues. We can say that these families live a religious syncretism where children are circumcised and baptized, giving them the values \u200b\u200bof two monotheistic religions and letting them choose freely to reach adulthood.
Currently the number of mixed marriages has grown and are no longer uncommon connections between English and Turkish. In the above mentioned ways of knowing must be added that enables Internet communications also affects
the formation of marriages between Turks and Latin , a rather more complex, as studied in his day
Dr Martha Ordaz [17] .
The problem of mixed marriages married English Turkish poses to those who want to settle in Turkey and find a job with similar conditions to which they were. The ignorance of the language and local wages mean that many professionals do not earn as much as English in their home country, choosing to return to Spain or going to a third country. The Cervantes Institute of Istanbul we get job applications that we can not take into consideration, as teachers need only in English as. In that sense we have a staff of six teachers and thirty staff of collaborators, including English and Latin American.
back to the Iberian Peninsula, half of the Turks have taken up residence in Madrid and one quarter in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bthe rest is scattered throughout the English geography. By way of example in the province of Guipúzcoa the number of tricks is less than half a dozen. On occupations are performed most workers, many of them in the construction industry or the hotel business, in fast food restaurants known doner kebab. Among two hundred and two hundred fifty have their own businesses, predominance of restaurants, carpet shops, craft or grocery. Turkishness is generally proud and enterprising, so that all aspire to own their own business, avoid orders from an employer unless it is of his own family. Thus, a shift is often add other relatives working in the same business, especially in hotels where they often work together brothers, brothers or cousins.
Generally not have too many integration problems, in part to be physically similar to the English, learn the language without an accent too marked and be able to appreciate and value cultural values the host country, which are not so different from the Turks as you might imagine. The Turks assess the quality of English life in areas such as health, transport or education, freedom of expression. The English way of life with activity in the streets and neighborhoods in the evening and night reminded Turkey. The fact that there are so many differences among the strata of English society is another fact that gives them access to a middle class that takes more account of the social economic and religious affiliation or background.
Another unifying factor is the weather, Spain and Turkey are two peninsulas that enclose the Mediterranean interior plateaus and similar flora and fauna. These are two countries with similar agricultural products as olive oil, hazelnuts or the same fruits and vegetables. At present greenhouse crops are expanding in the Mediterranean regions of these two nations. Thus, Turkish immigrants easily found in English markets fruits and vegetables such as eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, watermelons, melons, etc., so that English food, with the exception of anything that contains pork do not seem too different and on the other hand, can make at home dishes of traditional Turkish cuisine.
negative aspects English life often come from the high cost of rents, especially in Madrid and Barcelona, \u200b\u200bthe nostalgia of the country they left behind as much as the distances and flights between the two countries enable them to travel frequently to Turkey and the formalities are completed DNI bureaucratic, nationality, etc. Still often equate being Muslim to being Arab and speak in this language. This is not the case of the Turks from Central Asia that are expressed in a Ural-Altaic language. They generally tend to offend when compared with the Arabs or North Africans, for historical matters dating back to have colonized the Arab world during the rule Ottoman cultural and the fact of having achieved some improvements in the economy and society than those in the Maghreb countries.
Turks who have migrated to Europe, especially Germany have managed to gain a foothold in the emerging middle class through integration through work. With nearly two million inhabitants, 120,000 in Berlin, representing the years of 1980, an important social group. On social inclusion would be more correct to speak of a harmonious coexistence in which it is possible to lead a Turkish life in Germany as they have their televisions with satellite channels with all the major newspapers have Digiturk editions in Germany, the singers includes the cities of Berlin and Frankfurt in their actions and there are branches of Turkish banks, travel agencies, ovens with bread and traditional cakes, etc. It is not unusual to see Turkish names in the stores, as the supermarket chain Yilmaz, and fruit and vegetable stores run by Turks who have partly changed the eating habits of the Germans bringing them closer to the Mediterranean diet. Today may seem anecdotal but twenty years ago there were Germans returning from their vacation watermelons gift for your friends and family, to consider this as something exotic fruit.
As time goes by contact with other Germans is greater, so the new generations Mixed marriages are made, but still prefer Turkish weddings, especially for women and emerging Turkish cemeteries, which suggests that this migrant group is already rooted in the country. What does happen is that at retirement there are many cases of Turks who spend part of the year in their home and winters in Germany.
All this does not happen in Spain to be a much smaller and younger, so imposing a greater contact with local people and learning of language in order to enter the labor market in sectors such as catering. Turks gather in the activities of the Embassy and on October 29, day of Republic, concerts, conferences, exhibitions, etc
[19] . On the other hand Turkey attended the Universal Exposition in Seville in 1992, will repeat in Zaragoza and it is not unusual to see Turkish entrepreneurs in the main fairs English. The City Council and the company Esparraguera BEKO usually sponsor an annual picnic to coincide with the May 1 in the courtyard of the shrine of Puig. Been conducted since 2002 and its objective is the encounter of Turks living in the vicinity of Barcelona and its interaction with the rest of the population. In this context are scheduled sports activities and cultural attractions such as poetry readings, dances, etc.
[20] BEKO was founded in Spain in September 1994 under the name of Kofisa Trading Spain SL, changing its name in June 1999 by Beko Electonics Spain SL and is headed to four Turkish workers. Sell \u200b\u200bappliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers and televisions, to produce one million units sold in the English market in 2007. Beko is a subsidiary of Arçelik, a multinational company with distribution in a hundred countries
[21] .
Turkey's image in Spain has changed in the last thirty years, largely due to the number of tourists who have known this country, 236,000 in the past year.
[22] Gone are the images of those who faced the Holy League, led by Don Juan of Austria at Lepanto. English tourists are often directed to Istanbul and Cappadocia tours include, on a trip later, the coast in the so-called blue mavi yoculuk or travel. Upon returning to Spain tend to be satisfied with their vacation and tourism infrastructure. On the other hand Turkey is becoming a gap in their integration in Europe, both political and economic or cultural. The result of this approach is the proliferation of events featuring the country, so the festival La Mar de Letras de Murcia in 2005 edition, the Mediterranean Institute conducts seminars annually and it is not uncommon to find as the summer courses of Universidad Complutense. In parallel has been a proliferation in the publishing books related to this country. At first tour guides were engaged in Istanbul, Cappadocia and the Aegean coast, then came the turn of the translations of literary works to be stopped from third languages \u200b\u200bsuch as English or French to do Turkish. Many more recently in the history books as Veiga Francisco
Turk, ten centuries at the gates of Europe (Barcelona, \u200b\u200bDebate, 2006). As you can see, these works are the result the opening of negotiations for Turkey's accession as full member in the European Union on 3 October 2005. In this context numerous magazines dedicated exclusively to Turkey and Foreign Trade, (n º 32, Spring 2005), Hesperia Mediterranean Cultures (Vol 3, January 2006) or Journal of the Diplomatic Academy (No. 28, 2005) entitled Turkey, a new dimension to Europe. From the Cervantes Institute of Istanbul have come together to promote Turkish culture in the pages JOURNAL TITLE AND DATES, in which leading experts have contributed English and Turkish, as well as teachers of English departments of universities in Istanbul and Ankara, as well as organizing conferences, book presentations, support for Hispanics, etc
[23] .
At international level, won the Eurovision Festival, Orhan Pamuk the Nobel Prize for literature last year. Antalya tourism destination of German, Russian or French. network has an impressive five-star hotel. Istanbul, a city in which they occur increasingly international fairs and conferences, has been accepted European Cultural Capital in 2010 and a year later the Olympic Winter Games will be held in Erzurum, southeastern Anatolia. This positively affects Turkey's image in which there their will to integrate into the European Union and other aspects with a more negative press as the situation of the Kurds, the human rights, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, the status of women, the question Armenia or Cyprus.
For its part, the presence of many Turks living in Spain whose participation in the sport has become a mass phenomenon has dignify the image of his compatriots and providing them in a way its existence and integration in our society. Possibly the greatest impact has been the player Nihat Kahveci at the Royal Society. Born in Giresun in 1979 began to play Besiktas in 1998, team where he remained until 2002 when he transferred to Real Sociedad, where he was voted Footballer of the Year in 2004. After suffering an injury shortly after currently playing in the Vilarreal
[24] . It is the only player in this national team from San Sebastian, Tayfun, the son of immigrants from Germany, belonged to this club in 2002. Serkan Erdogan is on the other hand the first Turkish basketball player in the ranks of Tau Ceramica Vitoria club for two seasons. Has been awarded the "Keeper safest" of the Copa del Rey. Last year he was joined by his fellow Kaya Peker and Ender Arslan. It should be noted that the Tau beat the record of meetings cattle, 26 home games, besides being a favorite in the Euroleague.
[25] Another example is the volleyball player Neslihan Demir, considered the great attraction of Tnerife Marichal Spar Burgos.
[26] academic
A study of Turkish language and literature do not have the importance they deserve to exist only as subject, optional in most cases. One of the first teachers who took up residence in Spain is Luftu Tokatlioglu, a professor in the Department of Arab and Islamic Studies and Oriental Studies at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Professor Gül Isik is one of the few examples since 1997 in the Department of Islamic Studies at the University Complutense of Madrid.
[1] See MARTIN Ahasuerus, Paul (ed): Proceedings of international conference
Spain, Turkey, from confrontation to mutual analysis , organized by the Cervantes Institute in Istanbul (October 31 to November 2 2002), Istanbul, Isis, 2003, SANCHEZ MARTIN Encarnacion and Paul and BERNARDINI Ahasuerus Michele (eds): Spain and the Islamic East (Proceedings of the conference organized by the University of Naples l'Orientale and the Cervantes Institute in Naples in October 2004), Istanbul, Isis, 2007.
[2] Ahasuerus MARTIN Paul YAYCIOGLU TOLEDO Mukkader and Paulino (eds):
Cervantes and the English Mediterranean-Ottoman . Istanbul, Isis, 2006.
[3] On this subject, see MAS, Albert:
Les Turcs dans la littérature anglaise. du Siècle d'Or, Paris, Centre de Recherches Hispanique, 1967
[4] JURY ACEITUNO, Antonio: "About Vasif Efendi, the first Turkish ambassador to Spain and the report of his stay" in
Cervantes, journal of the Cervantes Institute of Istanbul, No. 1, pp 42-47, Istanbul, Instituto Cervantes, October 2000.
[5] this subject was discussed in my dissertation:
travelers in Istanbul, the Middle East question to reunion with the Sephardim , Istanbul, Isis, 2005.
[6] A published report on his return trip to the East military presented the Government of SM by Juan Prim, Count of Reus, head of the committee of lords English army officers, appointed in 1853 to monitor and review the operations the war between Russia and Turkey. Madrid, Imprenta de Tejada, 1855. This subject was treated in the English image of the Ottoman army, "Space Time and Form (series V), Madrid Open University, Faculty of Geography and History," 1997. pp 11-31, reprinted in Istanbul the Ottoman army and the Sephardim in English texts, Istanbul, Isis, 2003.
[7] Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey, H 3025, "English protection in Turkey." Spain handled the affairs of the United States, Montenegro, Portugal and Italy in Turkey, that of Romanian and Austrian prisoners, the Turkish interests in Buenos Aires and in Russia (Turkey H 2703).
[8] ABC October 15, 1918:
TURKEY CALLS FOR PEACE MEDIATION OF SPAIN, A VISIT AND A NOTE.
San Sebastian, 14, I later. During the visit the day before yesterday was the charge d'affaires in Turkey España al ministro de Estado, entregó en nombre del Gobierno otomano una nota para que el Gabinete español la transmitiera al presidente de los Estados Unidos.
Dicha nota dice así:
“El Gobierno otomano ruega al presidente de los Estados Unidos que tome sobre sí la labor del restablecimiento de la paz, que informe de esta demanda a los Estados beligerantes y les invite a nombrar plenipotenciarios para entablar las correspondientes negociaciones, aceptando el Gobierno turco como base de las mismas el programa trazado por el presidente de los Estados Unidos en su mensaje al Congreso de 8 de Enero de 1918, y en sus manifestaciones anteriores, especialmente en el discurso del día 27 del pasado mes de Septiembre.”
In this paper, the Ottoman Government also expressed their desire to end that bloodshed will come to the immediate conclusion of a general armistice on land, sea and air.
[9] ENGINEER, Ayhan, "Turkey and Spain, the establishment of diplomatic relations" in
History, Year XXX, No. 369, January 2007, pp 60-63.
[10] http://www.tcmadridbe.org/index.htm
[11] See my article "The Consulate of Spain in Istanbul and the protection of Sephardic (1804-1913)" in Quaderns of Mediterrània "N º 8, Fall 2007, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bMediterranean Institute.
[12] Captital NOTE. ES
[13] interview with Don Erkan Aytun, Counsellor of the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Spain on 16.07.2007.
[14] Köprü Bridge, Madrid, Editorial Gursel Diart Group SL. , No. 1 (April 2007) p.1.
[15] http://www.becasmae.es/
[16] Edited with the same title in Istanbul, Isis, 2005.
[17] Martha Ordaz, "Latin American Women in Turkey, a shared identity"
http://internet.cervantes.es/internetcentros/pdf/Revista52/ReEstambul/ARTICULOp20.pdf
[18] http://www.digiturk.tv/ [19] For an idea of \u200b\u200bthe magazine is available
Puente, Köprü , published in Madrid by Editorial Group SL Diart Gursel is also available on the Internet.
[20] Puente, Köprü, published in Madrid by Editorial Group SL Diart Gursel, No. 2 (NEED DATE), p. 23.
[21] I appreciate the information provided to Gulsem Simsek, more information at
http://www.beko.es/ [22] Puente, Köprü, published in Madrid by Gursel Diart Publishing Group Ltd., No. 1, April 2007 p. 1.
[23] this subject was discussed in "cultural impact of the Cervantes Institute of Istanbul in Turkey," Bulletin of the English Diplomatic School, Madrid, Ministry of AA.EE., No. 28, pp 105-118.
[24] Wiki Nihat
[25] "Three Turks in the TAU-breaking records in European basketball Bridge, Köprü, published in Madrid by Gursel Diart Publishing Group Ltd., No. 1, p. 28.
[26] "Neslihan Demir is the great attraction of Spar Tenerife Marichal-Burgos today," October 7, 206.
in Istanbul, noting Vaije Ottoman society in the East, from London to Constantinople (1873). On July 18, 1869 was appointed first secretary of the legation of Spain in Beijing, a position he would take from 3 November of the same year until December 31, 1870. On his return published Impressions of a trip to China. This diplomat before reaching their destination passed through the Suez Canal, Ceylon, Singapore, Saigon and Hon Kong. Subsequently established in Beijing, a city that had a Chinese and a Tartar separated by a wall in the center was the Forbidden City, the emperor's residence. Neighborhoods, landmarks and economic opportunities offered to Spain this rule are re-exposed in a fairly orderly. 
references makes it a classic, the Histoire de la Chine P. Grosier. The literature of white parents called itself takes center stage, highlighting the work of the Jesuits which then repeat on the Christian values \u200b\u200bit represents. The power of the Jesuits and their influence on the court would end the Emperor Yung Tchein who first confined in Canton and then expelled in 1732. Mentaberry also provides first-hand with a visit to the mission of Zi-Ka Way seven miles from Shanghai. 
in Istanbul, noting Vaije Ottoman society in the East, from London to Constantinople (1873). On July 18, 1869 was appointed first secretary of the legation of Spain in Beijing, a position he would take from 3 November of the same year until December 31, 1870. On his return published Impressions of a trip to China. This diplomat before reaching their destination passed through the Suez Canal, Ceylon, Singapore, Saigon and Hon Kong. Subsequently established in Beijing, a city that had a Chinese and a Tartar separated by a wall in the center was the Forbidden City, the emperor's residence. Neighborhoods, landmarks and economic opportunities offered to Spain this rule are re-exposed in a fairly orderly. 
references makes it a classic, the Histoire de la Chine P. Grosier. The literature of white parents called itself takes center stage, highlighting the work of the Jesuits which then repeat on the Christian values \u200b\u200bit represents. The power of the Jesuits and their influence on the court would end the Emperor Yung Tchein who first confined in Canton and then expelled in 1732. Mentaberry also provides first-hand with a visit to the mission of Zi-Ka Way seven miles from Shanghai. 
